Shamanism is one of the oldest spiritual practices in human history, with roots stretching back at least 30,000 years. Despite this, shamanistic traditions and organisations such as Sjamanistisk Forbund are often categorised as a "new religious movement" in modern discourse. This categorisation raises important questions about definition, cultural continuity and power structures in society.
The historical roots of shamanism
Shamanistic practices have been an integral part of many indigenous cultures across the world for millennia. Archaeological finds and cave paintings suggest that shamanistic rituals and beliefs have existed since the Palaeolithic era. These traditions have survived through oral transmission and continuous practice, even though they have undergone changes and adaptations over time.
In Sami culture, shamanism has been a central part of the spiritual and cultural heritage. The noaidi, the Sami shaman, has played an important role in society as a healer, spiritual guide and intermediary between people and the forces of nature. This tradition has survived despite centuries of oppression and attempts at eradication.
Oppression and survival
Shamanistic traditions have faced considerable resistance and oppression throughout history, especially during the colonisation and Christianisation of indigenous areas. In the Nordic region, Sami shamans were persecuted, tortured and executed in the 17th century under accusations of heresy and witchcraft. Their sacred objects, such as ceremonial drums, were burned, and the practice was branded as demonic.
Despite this systematic oppression, shamanistic traditions have survived. This is a testament to the tradition's deep roots and adaptability. Many indigenous peoples have preserved their spiritual practices in secret or adapted them to new conditions, which has ensured their survival across generations.
Shamanism as a living tradition
One of the main reasons shamanism should not be categorised as a new religious movement is its continuous presence and evolution throughout history. A living culture is characterised by its ability to adapt and develop in step with society, while preserving its core values and practices.
Modern shamanistic movements, such as Sjamanistisk Forbund, represent a continuation and revitalisation of these ancient traditions. They adapt old practices to modern contexts, which is a sign of a living and dynamic tradition rather than a new religion.
The interests behind the "new religious" label
Categorising shamanism as a new religious movement can serve certain interests
Religious dominance: Established religions may wish to marginalise alternative spiritual practices in order to preserve their cultural and spiritual authority.
Academic categorisation: Researchers may find it easier to place modern shamanistic movements in the same category as other more recent spiritual currents, even though this overlooks their historical roots.
Political and cultural power: By branding indigenous spiritual practices as "new", dominant cultures can undermine their legitimacy and claims to cultural heritage and land rights.
Market interests: Presenting shamanism as something "new" and "exotic" can make it more attractive to a modern, spiritually seeking audience.
Problems with the "new religious" categorisation
Categorising shamanism as a new religious movement is problematic for several reasons:
Historically inaccurate: It ignores the long history and continuity of shamanistic traditions.
Cultural appropriation: It can legitimise the superficial adoption of indigenous practices without an understanding of their deep cultural significance.
Underestimation of complexity: It oversimplifies the diverse and sophisticated spiritual systems that shamanism represents.
Marginalisation: It can contribute to the continued marginalisation of indigenous spiritual practices in wider society.
The modern relevance of shamanism
In today's society, shamanistic practices are experiencing renewed interest. This is due in part to a growing awareness of environmental issues and a desire to restore our connection with nature. Shamanism's holistic worldview, which emphasises balance between humans and nature, resonates with many who are seeking alternatives to materialistic outlooks on life.
Modern shamanistic movements often work actively on environmental protection and the preservation of natural habitats. They use their platform to teach about the importance of protecting the earth and its resources, contributing to a growing movement towards sustainable practice.
Shamanism, with its deep historical roots and continuous presence in many cultures, cannot fairly be categorised as a new religious movement. Its survival through centuries of oppression and its ability to adapt to modern contexts testify to a living and dynamic tradition.
Recognising the historical legitimacy and modern relevance of shamanism is important for respecting indigenous cultural heritage and for contributing to a more inclusive understanding of spiritual practices. It is also essential for valuing the unique perspectives and knowledge that shamanistic traditions can offer in the face of today's global challenges, especially in environmental protection and sustainable development.
References
Vårt Land. (2024). Pentecostal pastor believes Märtha Louise is leading people into contact with spirits that are not from God.
Sjamanistisk Forbund. (2024). Shamanism and connection with nature.
University of Oslo. (Undated). Norwegian neo-shamanism in the media.
Eliade, Mircea. (2004). Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy.
Heissig, Walther. (1980). The Religions of Mongolia.
Bäckman, Louise & Hultkrantz, Åke. (1978). Studies in Lapp Shamanism.
